Music Sonata Form and Classical Period free essay sample

An ensemble Is a detailed melodic organization for full symphony, normally In four developments. 2. What Is a sonata? How Is It identified with the sonata structure? A sonata is an enormous scope arrangement that is played instead of sung. 3. What is a coda? A coda will utilize music from the development, commonly doesnt doesn't add anything to the contention. 4. What are the three deferent pieces of the sonata structure? Depict each part. We will compose a custom article test on Music: Sonata Form and Classical Period or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The three sections off sonata are Exposition, Development, and Recapitulation.Exposition Is the initial segment of the sonata, where the author will get or exposeall of the music thoughts. Advancement is the second piece of the sonata, it is the place the author expands on the two topics from the composition. Summarization is the third piece of the sonata, it is the place work is rehashed. 5. What are the three unique times of Beethovens work? Portray each part. Basic Thinking Questions 1 . What are the qualities of the music of the Classical time frame? 2.How does the music of the Classical time frame contrast from the music of the Baroque time frame? Ornate music will in general be for little chamber symphonies and is typically extremely complex, with numerous layers. Traditional music will in general be for bigger symphonies and for flaunting virtuoso abilities or amusement instead of for lauding God or introducing serious tunes to lords, as much Baroque music was. Nor. Which pieces did you tune in to? How might you portray these bits of music? Nat makes the music normal for the Classical period? What social and social impacts affected the music of the Classical time frame? Do Ho think todays music is impacted by social and social variables? Why or why not? 30th craftsmanship and governmental issues were extraordinary authors who comprehended what they were doing and t heir creating had astounding hits. 5. What was significant about Vienna during the Classical time frame?

Two topics for two different papers, Broken Windows & Prison Essay

Two themes for two unique papers, Broken Windows and Prison - Essay Example Yet, anyway authentic reports and research show that the messed up window hypothesis could have an effect in wrongdoing decrease and it very well may be taken as an establishment for other wrongdoing decrease methodologies. The other article by Wilson and Kelling exposes the job of foot watching officials in helping open recover certainty on lawfulness. An untidy spot, not really a spot where wrongdoing happens in essence, turns into a region of dread particularly for individuals living in and around the spot. Foot watching officials in the previous days helped evacuate this dread among the general population through request support. In any case, in the next years police have been troubled with the extra job of law-requirement, because of which they are compelled to maintain certain principles. This has not helped them in accomplishing their essential obligation of request upkeep. As indicated by the creators, one powerful option in contrast to this creating circumstance could be res ident watching. Genuine instances of which incorporate network gatekeepers and setting up of vigilante gatherings. Regardless of the endeavors by the overall population, the watching impact of a police officer can be difficult to accomplish. Subsequently the article focuses on that men in obligation ought to be urged to do their additional piece so as to accomplish public amicability. The article ‘The Prison-Industrial Complex’ by Eric Schlosser tosses light about the jail framework in the United States. The US presently has the differentiation of holding a larger number of residents in jail than some other nation on the planet. What's more, a larger part of the jail prisoners is established by peaceful guilty parties. This has lead to the jail being seen as a modern complex, with more detainment facilities being worked to house more individuals. These penitentiaries home a wide assortment of crooks, law wrongdoers, even the individuals who are intellectually sick, and concerning their race about a large portion of the detainees in the US jails are African-Americans, and the quantity of ladies prisoners have

Cyber Warfare - Free Essay Example

Cyber-war, the use of computers and the internet in conducting warfare in cyberspace, has been introduced as both an effective offense and defense towards modern warfare. Presently many countries have developed a policy towards cyber-warfare. The US, although a strong influence to the world, has yet to step up and create an effective policy towards warfare. One that should state what the military would do to respond to a cyber-attack, what defines a cyber-attack and what the government will do to take effective measures against a catastrophic attack. Along with that, what advantages does this new type of warfare have against modern warfare and is it worth the massive amounts of training and investments. Also, in what circumstances should a cyber-attack be used? The US should come forth with an efficient policy discussing the matter directly and including its future uses of cyber-intelligence. Presently, cyber-attacks are uncommon; however they still pose a risk in the future of wa r and security of a nation. Every country should take measures in ensuring they will be ready for an attack. Because of this extraordinary hazard, the US should make considerable ventures in organizing methods to secure itself and its nation against it. Three cyber security experts say, â€Å"US policies toward defending against cyber-warfare need to take a different approach than the government has against other forms of attack. † It would be difficult for the US to have a fight in cyber-warfare as it is â€Å"difficult to identify attackers, especially when some nations appear to be sponsoring private attackers. † If the US were to follow other nations with using private assailants, other nations could possibly see this as unethical and even malicious. As a nation, the US is presented as the country some look up to. Its image has to stay clean, or it could cause uproar with other nations. One problem that not only the US but other countries face is that there i s no strict definition of a cyber-attack. Martin Libicki, a senior management scientist specializing in cyber-security said, â€Å"One problem with a cyber-warfare policy is the lack of definition of what constitutes an act of cyber war, there’s no line separating what constitutes a simple cyber-attack from cyber-war. He also added, â€Å"with no definitions in place, it’s hard to have a public debate about what the US government’s cyber warfare policy should be. † The US, among other nations in the UN, should come together and discuss the issues faced with defining a cyber-attack and what would be an acceptable response towards an attack. â€Å"Article 51 of the UN charter states that a country has the right to engage in self-defense when it suffers an armed attack,† made effective in 1945, it did not create clear classifications to cyber-attacks. Not doing anything about the dilemma has its consequences. â€Å"In December 2008, there was a c yber-attack on a U. S. military classified computer network. The attack led the Pentagon to ban the use of external hardware devices because that was the source of the breach. Although it is not publicly known if this attack was â€Å"state sponsored,† media reports attributed the attack to either the government of China or Russia. Regardless of who perpetrated the attack, there was little that the U. S. could do to respond. Had the US had the knowledge to investigate the attack further, it could have traced the attack and find the perpetrator. â€Å"The U. N. should not wait for a cyber-attack of epic proportions – on par with 9/11 – to mobilize the international community,† as it is possible that an extreme cyber-attack could be more devastating than a traditional one. An attack like that could â€Å"shutdown the target’s government and ruin its economy. As a result of the interdependence of the world economy, the cascading affect would be felt worldwide. â€Å"Warfare must be viewed in a new way because the old definitions and framework are impermissibly limited. First, we must derive a definition to determine when a cyber-attack is an act of war. Second, we need a broad definition of whom (including individuals, nations and groups) can be held accountable for such acts. † With masses at stake, it would be illogical to disregard this issue and not invest in a higher intelligence. Modern warfare, strongly associated with guns, bombs and tanks, causes many deaths and large amounts of money put forth to succeed. Cyber-warfare can easily become the next modern warfare, causing less deaths and violence. Even though the effects of an attack could be more catastrophic than what we are currently experiencing today, the reverse effects even it out. Using this cyber-intelligence could prevent many attacks from happening, both traditional and cyber. All we need is a stronger devotion towards the subject and more focus towa rds a greater peace amongst the world.

10 Famous Murder Cases in Recent American History

Essay on Crown Casino - 737 Words

The casino industry in Australia operates under an environment of uncertainty. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics Australia’s 13 casinos recorded a total operating loss of $288 million in 97-98. Outsiders predict a gloomy future for the casino industry in the next few years due to the reduction in international high rollers and the low level of management talent in Australia’s young casino industry. In this business environment Crown must implement business strategies will carry it into the next century as one of the worlds most successful casino complexes. The Crown was set up as a multimillion-dollar establishment in order to attract international gamblers especially the Asian junket gamblers. However with the economic†¦show more content†¦The current volatile earning figures for Crown are caused due its reliance on Asian junket gamblers. In the current business environment buyer power is high as Crown focuses on few high volume gamblers this should be reduced, as it should concentrate on a higher numbers of smaller gamblers. The recent increases in the gambling to HDI ratio as a result of better domestic economic conditions should be exploited by Crown. In order to broaden its local market advertising campaigns to lure the suburban poker machine players towards the city and away from RSL clubs and bars should be undertaken. The recent acquisition of Crown by the media giant PBL should ensure that Crown promotions reach a wider audience through the magazine/television business with little cost. The main issue for Crown in the future is to maintain a consistent rate of turn over in slot machines and tables. This should be achieved not only through advertising moreover by offering patrons the latest technologies and gaming programs. Once the parton numbers are increased loyalty schemes targeting the lower end of the gaming market should be under taken to maintain the flow of customers. Crown should better take advantage of it regional monopoly and reputation for offering ‘ world of entertainment’ by hiring top rating international performers. This would not only boost revenue to the Crown entertainment complex but to the casino as well. Online gambling is luring more andShow MoreRelatedOnline Casino Portal Crown Contender1746 Words   |  7 PagesBlog 16 – Thrills casino emerges as an online casino portal crown contender We have all seen the advertising campaigns for new casinos, as everyone seems to claim to be â€Å"funky, fresh, and revolutionary†. Sadly, all these claims are usually pretty hollow in most cases. Freshman online casinos seldom deliver on what they promise, with many just leaving players feeling deflated. 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The Chinext IPO Initial Under-Pricing-The Impact Of Risk Explored

Question: Discuss about the Chinext IPO Initial Under-Pricing-The Impact Of Risk Explored In The IPO Prospectus. Answer: Introduction ChiNext was founded in the year 2009 in the month of October in order to help the high growing, innovative and private organizations to have accessibility in the capital market in China. The focus of ChiNext on the privately associated organizations is considerably different from the partial privatizations that look to govern the Chinese Main board. In order to provide accessibility of the private high-growth companies to the capital markets, ChiNext reduces the requirements of listing on the profitability and the size of the company in comparison to the main board (Deng Zhou 2015). The differences in the characteristics of the company as well as the regulatory environments that is likely to create differences in the initial public offerings under-pricing and the long-run performance for ChiNext in comparison to the SME Board and the Main Board. This paper looks to analyse the ChiNext IPO under-pricing, the performance in the long-run and the elements and undertakes a comparison wit h the main board and the SME. The analysis have discovered that the IPOs in the Chinese main Board experiences an increasing level of under-pricing and the underperformance is kind of modest with respect to the IPOs that are functioning in the developed markets. There have been debates that such unique characteristics of the performance of IPO in the Chinese Main Board and are related to their nature of partial privatization, the lack of opportunities of investment in China, separation of equities in the listed organizations and the firm regulations of the government in the IPO process (Deng Zhou 2017). The effect of these features is likely to fundamentally less for the IPOs of ChiNext provided that they are not significantly not partial privatisations of the assets owned by the government faces lower level of regulatory restrictions when listing as well as ChiNext itself giving out the investors an added set of opportunities for the purpose of investment (Christofi et al., 2015). In this circumstances, it can be expected that the IPO under-pricing and the long run performance for the ChiNext listings in order to differ considerably from the Main Board IPO. The paper has been constructed based on the sample of 629 IPO firms that have been listed within 2014 to 2017 and this paper has looked to discover the initial aggregate adjusted by the abnormal return on ChiNext. This paper would therefore with the help of the literature review and the methodology would look to determine the interim proposal for the IPO under pricing in ChiNext. Literature Review There have been several researches on the under pricing of the IPO globally. Gao, (2014) has provided a synopsis of the aggregate initial returns on the IPOs in various countries and reveal that the extent of under pricing changes significantly across the countries with the aggregate returns usually higher in the developing markets that the underdeveloped ones. During past few decades, under pricing of the IPO has influenced a significant body of the literature looking to define the issuers are looking to leave the money on their table. The information asymmetry framework advises that the equilibrium offer price that is inclusive of a limited discount is essential in order to attract and compensate the trading that is uninformed for trading against the advanced information. Lee et al., (2017) have debated that under pricing of the IPO is rational in nature and has been defined as a premium indecision that encloses the value of the new issues. The impact of exposure to risk and its effect on the initial returns on IPO can be investigated from the two various aspects of the literature namely the impact of risk on the level of return and the advantage of information disclosure on the IPO share valuation. The fact that most of the investors are risk hesitant, the relationship among the initial return and the risk related to the IPO is anticipated to remain positive (Carpenter Whitelaw 2017). The investigations on the Chinese IPO markets have disclosed that the investors are in the idea of looking forward to increased returns by investing in IPO shares that much more riskier. Due to this effect, an increased level of risk for the IPO by the underwriters will create an extensive discount on their offer price, which would create an extensive error in pricing and gradually increased initial return (Li Zhou 2016). Conversely, there is existent of a gap in the current literature about the fact that what the perceived level of ris k is. The research questions that have been framed from the literature are given as follows: Q1. Does the information included in the prospectus of the IPO would assist in mitigating conventional information asymmetry that the IPO companies face from the prospective investors and the underwriters? Q2. What is the relationship among the disclosed factors of risk in the prospectus of the IPO and the initial return of the IPO? This paper mainly looks to answer these two questions. Cumming Zhang (2016) have explained that the tone and the text disclosed in the prospectus of the US based IPOs have priceless and significant information that can be utilised in order to proxy for the uncertainties that are available in the ChiNext IPOs. The uncertainty in this respect generates increased initial returns. Hence, the factors of risk that have been disclosed in the prospectus of the ChiNext IPOs should incorporate added uncertainties and this as a result should have an impact on the initial return of the IPO. Xu et al., (2017) are among the first researchers who were to recommend several factors why the risk litigation is a naturally reasonable and economically precise factors for the under pricing of an IPO. The Securities Act of 1933 provides the investors with the power to sue the issuers of the IPO and even the underwriters if the value of the share falls below the offer price because of omission of materials in the IPO prospectus. In this aspect of an uncertainty environment related to the IPO, especially the probable reputational losses that are related with the lawsuit, the issuers of the IPO and the underwriters who are worried about the probable legal actions may look to hedge the risk of lawsuit by under pricing the IPO. Bhattacharya, (2017) examine the impact of the risk of lawsuit by assessing the variations in the initial returns among the IPOs that have been sued by the investors and IPOs that have not been sued. There are no direct proof that under pricing lowers the incidence of legal actions. Wang Li (2015) on the other consider the endogeneity of primary returns and the incidence of legal actions and look to discover the assistance for the impact of avoidance and insurance as projected by the theories related to lawsuit risks. Their outcomes recommend that risk associated with litigation can seriously have an impact on the initial returns of the IPO. The assumptions that are underlying in the present examinations of the lawsuit risk is that the losses in the share market are adequate to bring in legal penalties. In practicality, the two significant scenarios must be met for undertaking prospective successful litigations (Feng Johansson 2016). Firstly, the investors must have gone through injuries that are in the form of economic or investment value. Secondly, the investors must be able to discover evidence of a material omission in the declaration of the IPO firms that are existent during the time of their primary investments. In order to restrict such potential legal actions, the IPO companies and the underwriters may look to lower their level of profitability with respect to omission of material by improving the declarations given in the prospectus of the IPO. Hence, it can be anticipated a direct connection among the declaration of risk in the prospectus of the IPO and the initial return of the IPO, which this proposal has lo oked to assess. Data Description As explained earlier, one of the factors why the IPOs of ChiNext has been selected has been that all the IPOs of ChiNext are needed to abide a template that is in nature standardized with respect to their prospectus. By looking at the current literature of IPO pricing, the paper has chosen several control variables from the company, economy and the offer distinct features during the primary screening (Nassr Wehinger 2016). All the controlled variables are handpicked and have to be listed. A descriptive statistics for the collected control variables with respect to the three various measures of the initial returns of the IPOs of ChiNext namely MPR, OPR and CPR are documented. As the subscription ratio that is in this aspect offline in nature explains the demand in the market for the new shares from the institutional investors and in this scenario a large number recommends that new shares for ChiNext is increasingly high with respect to the total number of shares that have been offered or given to the investors. The data is collected from the 320 IPOs in ChiNext with the help of their disclosed prospectus. It has been viewed that subscription from the individual and the organizational investors are the key factors that contributes to the increased degree of initial returns for the IPOs of ChiNext. Offer size is even a key factor as it looks to assess the offer size of the IPOs and thereby looks to obtain the impact of size in the initial under pricing in the ChiNext IPO s (Yao, 2016). In the process of risk factor process of gathering, there have been observations of three precise trends. Primarily, the IPOs that are from the same sector have the tendency to document similar kinds of factors of risk (Su Brookfield 2013). Secondly, there are specific risks factors that are always going hand in hand. These are even known as cross listings. Finally there is a widespread of organization specific risk factors and few of them have very limited frequencies of disclosure. The key job has been to recognise the risk factors and that have an impact on the initial returns. This tends to have an impact on the underperformance of the IPO firms (Chen, 2016). Therefore various statistical tools are used additionally with the special variable mitigating features in order to eliminate unimportant control variables to the initial returns until all the framework converges and brings forth the same key control variables. By maintaining these key variables as the control variables in the framework, a repeated assessment by making use of all the risk factors are undertaken in order to ascertain whether and how declaring the precise factors of risk in prospectus of the IPO of ChiNext has any key and extra effect on their initial returns (Guo et al., 2017). Methodology In the research process, one of the major steps is methodology. This method is considered as the systematic and theoretical analysis of the research methods. There is not any exception of this fact in case of this particular research program. As per the research methodology, there are three steps in data analysis (Bouzouita, Gajewski Gresse, 2015). In the first step, the screening of all 13 variables will be done with the help of the technique of SPSS variable reduction in order to filter out those variables having the p-value 0.05. In the second step, all the 54 risk factors will be added into the particular model. After that, it is needed to apply the same approach in order to filter out the risk factors having the p-value 0.05. In the third step, for the improvements in the specification of model, the researcher will further impose the models of GARCH-M model with an ARMA (1, 1) and this will be imposed in residuals. More specifically, at first, regression (1) will be run with 13 control variables after the arrangement of 355 IPOs based on their listing dates. The regression will be run on the OPR with the models of Enter, Backward, Forward and Stepwise in order to remove the control variables that do not have significant statistical value having p-value 0.05 on at a time until the coverage and return of all the four models have the same significant variable that is p-value 0.05. After that, the researcher will report the results of final regression in Panel A of Table 4 (Hanley Hoberg, 2012). In addition, by using the significant variables identified as control variables from the regression process (1), there will be the inclusion of all the 54 risk factors listed in Table 3 and the researcher will also run regression (2) with the help of same techniques for variable reduction. This process will be done for the removal of all the significant risk factors so that they can be reported in the res ults in the Panel B of Table 4. In addition, regression (3) will be run by taking into consideration all the significant variables identified in regression (2) in order to improve the fitness of the model so that the result can be reported in Panel C of Table 4. There will be repetition in CPR and MPR and the result will be reported in Panel A, B and C in Table 5 and 6 respectively. The area of interest of the researcher will be in the magnitude and signs of the regression coefficients that has association with all the risk factors identified in regression (2) and (3) (Zhou Lao, 2012). With the help of different retune measures like OPR, CPR and MRP as the regressions dependable variable; the researcher will be enabled to check that whether the various identified risk factors have different kind of impact on the measurement of different initials. This particular process can contribute to the different implications and conclusions of the research program (Bansal Khanna, 2012). It needs to be mentioned that different tables show the different results for regression. From Table 4, the researcher will get the final regression results for the OPR. Panel A will be able to show different impotent factors of the research; they are ratio of offline subscriptions from the institutional investors, the ratio of online subscriptions from the individual investors, the condition of the stock market, the IPO issue size and the dominant as well as significant control variable of OPR (Zaremba Zmudzinski, 2014). The regression coefficient will help the researcher in the determination of the strong market demand of individual and institutional investors for the new shares of ChiNext IPO. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that there is a positive and significant impact of SZSE composite index return on the OPR; at the same time, the associated coefficient of offer size is significant and negative. On the other hand, the large size of the IPOs will fetch lower rate of initial returns (Chen Strange, 2012). It can be seen that there are four types of major variables in this particular research. However, the process of changing policies and the growth of profit are also play a significant part in this research. However, it needs to be mentioned that they contribute less in the fitness of the overall model. It can be said that the value of R2 for the final model is 0.56. The researcher will be able to go to the significant findings from the comparisons of OPR. It has been seen from the research that the contribution of oversubscription from the institutional inventors are 0.32 towards the adjusted R2. In addition, The value of standardization beta is 0.51. This particular method shows the dominant effect of beta towards OPR. It can also be seen that Panel B of the research reports all the results from regression (2) and all the risk factors are incorporated with it (Daugherty Jithendranathan, 2012). For this particular research program, there will be immense importance of the research findings. This particular process indicates the fact that for the IPO firms that take into consideration the litigation or lawsuit as risk factors, the OPR of those firms are higher. On the other hand, as per the suggestion of positive coefficient, the underwriter prices the litigations based on the bidding prices and others. In this case, it needs to be mentioned that the effects of under pricing is significant for both the companies and the investors. It needs to be mentioned that due to the under pricing process, more number of investors are attracted towards the companies and they become willing to bid for higher openings for the new shares of the companies. In this process, it needs to be mentioned that there is an association of standardized beta with the ongoing litigations or lawsuits of the companies (Akyol et al., 2014). Conclusion In this proposal, the scope of past work in understanding the effect of the informational details that is available in the prospectus of the IPO with respect to the initial returns. By taking the benefit of the generalised format of the prospectus of the Chinext IPOs, an exclusive set of data with several factors of risk are prepared and evaluation of the data with the help of numerous statistical and econometric frameworks with special characteristics are undertaken. After managing and assessing the market, the offer specific features and the company that are effectively reported in the pricing literature of the present IPO, with the considerations of the probable time series and the correlations that are cross sectional in nature in the pricing errors in the IPO and the correlation among the initial returns of the IPO and their volatility in the conditional return there have been recognition of four risk factors that have key impacts on the IPOs of ChiNext with respect to their ini tial returns. The risk factors are transformations in the policy on the taxation of the government subsidy, increased amortization and depreciation because of recommended capital expenses, ongoing lawsuit and law actions and infringement of trademarks. There have been worries with respect to the existing legal actions has been a key factor as it has an impact on the CPR and the OPR in a positive manner which indicates the risk compensation with the help of deepened under pricing of the underwriters. Hence, the underwriters are willing to provide a higher bidding price at the open economy during the day when the risk of the IPO is out in public. Hence, risk exposure in the prospectus of the IPO firms in ChiNext play a crucial part. References Akyol, A. C., Cooper, T., Meoli, M., Vismara, S. (2014). Do regulatory changes affect the underpricing of European IPOs?.Journal of Banking Finance,45, 43-58. Bansal, R., Khanna, A. (2012). IPOs underpricing and money left on the table in Indian market.Int. J. Res. Manage. Econ. Commer,2(6), 106-120. Bhattacharya, A. (2017). Innovations in new venture financing: Evidence from Indian SME IPOs.Global Finance Journal. Bouzouita, N., Gajewski, J. F., Gresse, C. (2015). 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Pascal programming Essay Essay Example

Pascal programming Essay Paper Pascal Programming Arieus Green Professor Gary Smith Sam Houston State University Pascal was designed in 1968, but was no published until the 1970 by the mind of a man named Niklaus Wirth. Niklaus Wirth was born in Winterthur, Switzerland in 1934 were he attended Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. Where he soon earns his degree in Electronic Engineering by the mid 1960s. Pascal was named based off the memory of the late Baise Pascal, a famous French Philosopher as well as a major mathematician (Bill Catambay). This particular language was inspired by Algol along with Simula 67. Although pascal resembles Algol, It far surpasses it in run precision and capabilities. Pascal was designed to be a straight forward block Structured programming. Pascal structurally sound functionality provided the way for several new languages we use today for example, Ada, Java, Modula and so many others. Pascal was design to farther educate the development of a systematically discipline construct. Pascal was initially designed to influence the practice of good or better program design. The language in particular is an imperative and procedural programming language (Bill Catambay). Imperative programming language simply describes the computation of each term as a statement. This important detail makes it easier to produce a programming code, it also has the capacity to use structure programming alongside with data structuring. All of these things take care of the clarity as well as the quality of each program written in pascal. By this time pascal has been at the top of its game being both reliable as well as efficient. Pascal is a strongly typed, block structure programming language (Bill Catambay). It has evolved with enough power to run home projects, commercial industries and many other entures. We will write a custom essay sample on Pascal programming Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pascal programming Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pascal programming Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Wirth was very particular when the designs were planned out. Much of the pascal language is similar to what we see in our C or Java languages. Some of its features make pascal easy to understand and maintain. The programming Structure of pascal consist of; program name, uses command type, declarations, Statements data object and or functions. Every Pascal program has a heading statement, a declaration and execution in that exact order. Basic syntax variable are placed in the beginning of a statement, followed by a definition of some sort. Declaring a variable s straight forward in the design of pascal. By using keywords like var allows the programmer a number of abilities. Which include declaring string, integers, records and other defining types. This is followed by the capability to use functions and procedures. In Pascal procedures are instructions to execute within the program with no return. Functions are similar in attributes with the exception of having a return value. Like Ada, Pascal is not case sensitive. Pascal Programs are generally formed by several statements. Every statement gives the program a Job by stating or defining xactly what that Job is. Each Job should consist of declarations, assignment, reading or writing data and taking logical statements. Similar to other languages, Pascal has words on reserved such as array, begin and end. These words you would not be allowed use as a variable and to declare any value. Pascal also has a number of different data types that include the standard, integer, real, Boolean and structured array records and file. These constants make it easier for the programmer to read. Pascal has the ability to use numerical, logical, string and character constants. Pascal as many other types, the enumerated type is a data type defined by the user. They give most value the qualification to be specified in a list. Pascal uses variable as a define storage space. Operators are used in every programming language in pascal uses as manipulations of mathematical or logical functionality. There is a list of operators used in pascal involving arithmetic, relations, Boolean, bit, set and string Operands. Each operand has a different responsibility and implementation. Pascal decision making is design for the programmer to specify all condition to evaluated and test by the program. All statements have to have a true or false result and or reroute to another statement of the programmers choice. Helping with these logic statement would me key words like if-then, if-then-else, nest-if statement and many more (Micheal Van Cannegt). These statements can lead one to a loop, where some code that is to be executed multiple times. A loop is usually executed in a specific order the first followed by the second and so on. Pascal also has loop control statement feature that will allow breaks which can call for the termination of a loop or any case statement that has out grown its parameter. Goto statements can transfer control but this feature is not often used. Programmer use a number of small sections of code called subprogram (Victor John Saliba). Every one of these subprograms preforms a particular task as modules. There are two kinds of subprograms function and procedure. Functions are small programs that have a single return value of some variety. Every pascal has to have as many as one function to call it a program and other smaller program to define added functionalities. Pascal functions usually consist of a header, the declaration and a body. The function eader has only two main objects, the keyword and the name of that function. There are many other part to a function, by which include the argument, this is often where the programmer calls the program and the formal parameters. The formal parameter could be an array, subprogram or structured variables. The declaration function simply speaks to the compiler giving it instructions on how to call that specific program it ultimately has the same attributes as the function subprogram. The difference being in the format of the keywords, which is procedure being one of them nstead of function. Pascal file handling capabilities are second to none and are very simple to generate. For instant, notice that there is not a word on reserve for the reading or writing to a file, the usual format to use is readln() or writeln(). When reading a file the base type could be an integer real, Boolean, enumerator, subrange, record, arrays each one but certain other file types. Pascal was a powerful language and tool in 1970s and has become a more advanced language over time. Pascal has been through a few update and changes to the language. In being this reliable and fficient Pascal will continue to be of use in the near future. References http://www. freepascal. org/advantage. var ftp://ftp. freepascal. org/pub/fpc/docs-pdf/ref. pdf, Reference guide for Free Pascal, version 2. 6. 2 Document version 2. 6. February 2013 http://www. pascal-central. com/ppl/chapter2. html. The Pascal Programming Language. Bill Catambay. 0 2001 Academic Press. http://pascal-programming. info/ index. php. pascal Programming. Victor John Saliba 2006. http://www. computerhistory. org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Niklaus,Wirth/ . Copyright 0 2013 Computer History Museum